Fig. 1

Diagnostic chart for a first suspicious episode of PNES. Diagnostic orientation is primarily based on a good patient and witness interview, which should be supplemented by semiological analysis (of homemade video or live) and an induction test. Experienced physician analysis is required to define a degree of certainty of “clinically established” PNES. The ES/PNES profile refers to a history and/or semiology typically suggestive of epileptic seizures or non-epileptic psychogenic seizures respectively (see Table 1). ES: epileptic seizure; PNES: psychogenic non-epileptic seizure; Ref.: referral; v-A: video amateur (= homemade video); EEG: electroencephalography; (−): negative test; (+): positive test