Table 1 Characteristics of studies and datasets used in this Mendelian randomization study

Oxidative stress

 biomarkers

  SOD

European

3301

29,875,488

https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/datasets/prot-a-2800/

  GST

European

3301

29,875,488

https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/datasets/prot-a-1283/

  GPX

European

3301

29,875,488

https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/datasets/prot-a-1265/

  CAT

European

3301

29,875,488

https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/datasets/prot-a-367/

  UA

European

343,836

/

https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/datasets/ukb-d-30880_raw/

  Zinc

European

2630

23,720,494

https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/datasets/ieu-a-1079/

  Tocopherol

European

6226

24,816,252

https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/datasets/met-a-571/

  Ascorbate

European

64,979

/

https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/datasets/ukb-b-19390/

  Retinol

European

62,991

/

https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/datasets/ukb-b-17406/

  Albumin

European

115,060

/

https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/datasets/met-d-Albumin/

  TBIL

European

342,829

/

https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/datasets/ukb-d-30840_raw/

Epilepsy

  Epilepsy (All documented cases)

Mixed

44,889

30,531,953

https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/datasets/ieu-b-8/

  Generalized epilepsy (All documented cases)

Mixed

33,446

30,531,953

https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/datasets/ieu-b-9/

  Focal epilepsy (All documented cases)

Mixed

39,348

30,531,953

https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/datasets/ieu-b-10/