Fig. 3

The mTOR pathway and its regulators. mTOR is a protein kinase present in the cell in two complexes: mTORC1 and mTORC2. mTORC1 is related to cell size and proliferation, whereas mTORC2 influences cytoskeleton dynamics. Activation of the PI3K-Akt pathway leads to the inactivation of the TSC1/TSC2 complex, resulting in the indirect activation of mTORC1. PTEN inhibits the PI3K-Akt pathway. Furthermore, PI3K signaling also activates mTORC2. The GATOR1 complex, composed of DEP domain-containing protein 5 (DEPDC5), nitrogen permease regulator-like 2 (Nprl2), and nitrogen permease regulator-like 3 (Nprl3), inhibits mTORC1 signaling by repressing Ras-related GTP-binding protein A/B (RagA/B). Rapamycin binds to FK506-binding protein 12 (FKBP12) and inhibits mTORC1. Red diamonds indicate the proteins whose corresponding genes are mutated in FCD II